Which surveying method uses latitude, longitude, standards, and baselines to divide the earth into areas?

The Rectangular Survey System, also known as the Public Land Survey System (PLSS), is the correct answer because it uses a systematic approach involving latitude and longitude alongside established standards and baselines to divide land into identifiable areas. This method segments land into townships and sections, which can be easily referenced using a grid system. By employing baselines (horizontal lines) and meridians (vertical lines), the Rectangular Survey System provides a clear, organized framework for describing land, enabling the identification of parcels with precision and accuracy. This is particularly important in real estate for proper identification and legal description of properties.

In contrast, topographic surveys focus on the physical features and elevations of a specific area rather than organizing land into a grid. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are tools for mapping and analyzing spatial data but do not inherently divide land by the latitude and longitude system. Land lot division typically refers to the subdivision of existing parcels into smaller lots and does not use the systematic approach of latitude and longitude in the way that the Rectangular Survey System does.